What does the term "ground handling" refer to in airside operations?

The term "ground handling" specifically refers to the various services and operations that are provided to an aircraft while it is on the ground. This encompasses a wide array of tasks that ensure the aircraft is properly prepared for departure and that it can safely and efficiently manage its operations while on the ground. These services typically include loading and unloading cargo, baggage handling, catering services, and other logistical support.

Ground handling plays a critical role in maintaining the efficiency of airport operations and ensuring the safety of all personnel and equipment involved. It is an essential aspect of air transport that encompasses much more than just one element, such as refueling or passenger boarding procedures, which are only parts of the broader ground handling processes. Therefore, identifying "services provided to an aircraft while it is on the ground" encapsulates the full scope of activities involved in ground handling, making it the correct answer.